معهد النفط الامريكي

American Petroleum Institute

The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the largest U.S trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to represent about 400 corporations involved in production, refinement, distribution, and many other aspects of the petroleum industry.

The association’s chief functions on behalf of the industry include advocacy, negotiation and lobbying with governmental, legal, and regulatory agencies; research into economic, toxicological, and environmental effects; establishment and certification of industry standards; and education outreach.[2][third-party source needed] API both funds and conducts research related to many aspects of the petroleum industry.[2][third-party source needed] The current CEO is Jack Gerard.

It has many front groups, including the NH Energy Forum that in August 2011 hosted a New Hampshire event for Republican presidential candidate Rick Perry[3][4]

API Standards Committees are made up of subcommittees and task groups that works and maintain these standards. the list of Committee and Subcommittee is:[5]

Committee on Standardization of Oilfield Equipment & Materials (CSOEM)

SC2- Subcommittee on Offshore Structures

SC5- Subcommittee on Tubular Goods

SC6- Subcommittee on Valves & Wellhead Equipment

SC8- Subcommittee on Drilling Structures & Equipment

SC10- Subcommittee on Well Cements

SC11- Subcommittee on Field Operating Equipment

SC13- Subcommittee on Drill Completion & Fracturing Fluids

SC15- Subcommittee on Fiberglass & Plastic Tubulars

SC16- Subcommittee on Drilling Well Control Equipment

SC17- Subcommittee on Subsea Production Equipment

SC18- Subcommittee on Quality

SC19- Subcommittee on Completion Equipment

SC20- Subcommittee on Supply Chain Management[6]

Committee on Refinery Equipment (CRE)

Subcommittee on Corrosion & Materials

Subcommittee on Electrical Equipment

Subcommittee on Heat Transfer Equipment

Subcommittee on Inspection

Subcommittee on Instruments & Control Systems

Subcommittee on Mechanical Equipment

Subcommittee on Piping & Valves

Subcommittee on Pressure-Relieving Systems

Subcommittee on Aboveground Storage Tanks[7]

Pipeline Standards Committees

Safety and Fire Protection Committee (SFPS)

API Committee on Petroleum Measurement (COPM)

Committee on Evaporation Loss Estimation

Committee on Gas Fluids Measurement

Committee on Liquid Measurement

Committee on Measurement Accountability

Committee on Measurement Quality

Committee on Production Measurement & Allocation

Committee on Measurement Education & Training[8]

API also defines the industry standard for the energy conservation of motor oil. API SN is the latest specification to which motor oils intended for spark-ignited engines should adhere since 2010. It supersedes API SM.[9]

API also defines and drafts standards for measurement for manufactured products such as:

Precision thread gauges

Plain plug and ring gauges

Thread measuring systems

Metrology and industrial supplies

Measuring instruments

Custom gauges

Precision machining and grinding

ISO 17025 registered calibration

API RP 500 and RP 505 classify the locations for electrical equipment in hazardous areas. [10] [11]

API has entered petroleum industry nomenclature in a number of areas:

API gravity, a measure of the density of petroleum.

API number, a unique identifier applied to each petroleum exploration or production well drilled in the United States.

API unit, a standard measure of natural gamma radiation measured in a borehole.[12]

Educator intervention

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In addition to training industry workers and conducting seminars, workshops, and conferences on public policy, API develops and distributes materials and curricula for schoolchildren and educators. The association also maintains a website, Classroom Energy.

Public relations, advocacy, and lobbying

See also: Fossil fuels lobby

API spent more than $3 million annually during the period 2005 to 2009 on lobbying; $3.6 million in 2009.[13] As of 2009, according to API’s quarterly “Lobbying Report” submitted to the US Senate, the organization had 16 lobbyists lobbying Congress.[14] According to an investigation conducted by the International Business Times, API lobbied the Department of State for all of 2009 on "legislative efforts concerning oil sands" and "Canadian Oil Sands."[15]

The American Petroleum Institute also lobbied the State Department every quarter in 2009 . In three of four quarters, the group listed “legislative efforts concerning oil sands” as one of the areas it was focusing on in its lobbying, and in the final quarter, it listed “Canadian Oil Sands.” Among API’s members are ExxonMobil, which has invested in Canadian oil sands.

API lobbies and organizes its member employees' attendance at public events to communicate the industry's position on issues. A leaked summer 2009 memo from API President Jack Gerard asked its member companies to urge their employees to participate in planned protests (designed to appear independently organized) against the cap-and-trade legislation the House passed that same summer. "The objective of these rallies is to put a human face on the impacts of unsound energy policy and to aim a loud message at [20 different] states," including Florida, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. Gerard went on to assure recipients of the memo that API will cover all organizational costs and handling of logistics. In response to the memo, an API spokesman told media that participants will be there (at protests) because of their own concerns, and that API is just helping them assemble.[16]

To help fight climate control legislation that has been approved by the US House, API supports the Energy Citizens group, which is holding public events.[17][18] API encouraged energy company employees to attend one of its first Energy Citizen events held in Houston in August 2009, but turned away Texas residents who were not employed by the energy industry. Fast Company reported that some attendees had no idea of the purpose of the event.[19][20] In December 2009, Mother Jones magazine said API and Energy Citizens were promulgating climate disinformation.[21]

In the second half of 2008, as the US presidential election neared, API began airing a series of television ads where spokeswoman Brooke Alexander encourages people to visit their new website, EnergyTomorrow.org

In January 2012, the American Petroleum Institute launched the voter education campaign - Vote 4 Energy. The campaign says that increased domestic energy production can create jobs, increase government revenue, and provide U.S. energy security. The Vote 4 Energy campaign does not promote any specific candidate or party, but rather provides voters with energy information to equip them to evaluate candidates on the federal and local levels and make decisions in favor of domestic energy on Election Day. The main components of the Vote 4 Energy campaign include the website - Vote4Energy.org - and social media communities, along with a series of advertisements and events around the country. The vote 4 energy campaign was criticized for presenting misleading arguments about the relationship between oil production and jobs whilst ignoring the potentially catastrophic consequences of increased fossil fuel consumption on the Earth's climate.[22]

The API successfully pushed for an end to a ban on American oil exports on the grounds that the ban increased demand for Russian and Iranian oil, thereby benefiting the unfriendly regimes in these countries. Critics noted that many of its member companies continued to maintain ongoing business in these countries whilst the lobbying campaign was in progress, leading to accusations of hypocrisy.[23] Furthermore, the API's campaigns have been criticized for advocating policies that are likely to exacerbate global warming and its associated problems.[24] The API has repeatedly funded conservative groups that deny the reality of anthropogenic global warming[25] in spite of the overwhelming scientific consensus that it presents a serious problem for the planet.[26]

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